Gender non-conforming behaviours are very common in young children. Societal and peer pressure pushes children more towards gender conformity as they get older. However, it is not abnormal or unusual for a child to like playing with toys and wearing clothes which are associated with the opposite sex. It is also not uncommon for such children to insist that they actually are the opposite sex although most simply grow out of it.
It is well known that gender non-conforming life-styles are often associated with gay men and lesbian women. There is also research showing gender non-conforming behaviours seen in children can be predictors of homosexuality later in life.
Gender non-conforming behaviours are also observed in children with gender dysphoria and so more recently have also been used as indicators of a transgender identity.
This complex picture makes it very difficult for parents and their children with gender issues to know if they are perhaps transgender or instead simply on their way to grow up into a gay adult or indeed neither. This has serious implications when medical or psychological interventions are being considered at a young age. This page discusses the current scientific evidence in this area and its implications for how we best support children as both their gender and sexual identities develop.
Gender-non conforming behaviour in PRE-SCHOOL children is predictive of a homosexual identity later in life.
There is a large number of retrospective studies (60) consistently showing that lesbian women and gay men recall significantly more gender non-conforming behaviours in childhood compared to their heterosexual counterparts. This year a large population-based longitudinal study powerfully demonstrated how gender non-conforming behaviours seen as young as 2.5 – 4.5 years old are highly predictive of homosexuality latter in life. Link here.
This study looked a gender non-conforming behaviours observed and recorded by parents between the ages of 2.5 and 5 years old. The results for over 4500 UK children and range of gender-based modes of play and both play-mate and toy preferences were analysed. Sexual identities were then compared for these same children at age 15. Some of the data is summarised below in Figure 1:
Figure 1:
Lesbian girls were 12-19 times more likely to have displayed extreme gender non-conforming behaviours before reaching school age compared to heterosexual girls.
Gay boys were 20-26 times more likely to have displayed extreme gender non-conforming behaviours before reaching school age compared to heterosexual boys.
Even gender non-conforming behaviours seen as early as 2.5 years showed some correlation with later same-sex attractions.
The strength of the gender non-conforming behaviours at pre-school age correlates with the strength of the probability of a same-sex identity in adolescence.
This study backs up previous findings published in 2013 by a different academic group. Steensma et al compared the data for 850 individuals from the general population looking at gender non-conforming behaviours recorded in childhood (pre-school) and sexual orientations in adulthood (age 27). In the group of children who exhibited GNC behaviours 10-12% grew up to be a gay men or lesbian women. This compares to a baseline of only 1.2-1.7% of children who did not exhibit GNC behaviours growing up to be gay. This means a gay identity was 8-15 times more likely to be seen in adulthood if individuals exhibited GNC behaviours as children compared to those who did not. Link to the publication is here.
It is important to emphasise that although GNC behaviour as a child is a good predictor for same-sex attraction later in life in most cases GNC children will grow up into heterosexual adults.
The extent of Gender Dysphoria in children is also predictive of a homosexual identity.
This Dutch study looked at children referred to a gender clinic before the age of 12 and diagnosed with Gender Dysphoria. They found that the strength of the dysphoria and whether it persisted through to adolescence was highly correlated with a same-sex attraction in adolescence. Link to publication here.
Figure 2 shows for natal girls with gender dysphoria virtually all those whose dysphoria persisted into adolescence also exhibited a lesbian identity. In contrast, girls whose gender dysphoria resolved by adolescence were straight. It is currently unknown whether their gender dysphoria will progress into adulthood and whether or not these lesbian girls will choose a transgender lifestyle and/or medical assistance to transition via surgery or hormones. Long-term follow up studies are yet to be completed.
Figure 2:
Figure 3 shows that for natal boys with gender dysphoria virtually all those whose dysphoria persisted into adolescence also exhibited a gay identity. In contrast to the girls, the boys whose gender dysphoria resolved by adolescence exhibited a range of straight, bisexual and gay identities. The frequency of same-sex attraction in this group of boys is much higher than we see in boys who have never had gender dysphoria (1-2% in general population) which suggests that even when gender dysphoria resolves before adolescence it is still predictive of a gay identity later.
Figure 3:
Almost all natal girls and natal boys with gender dysphoria in adolescence exhibit same-sex attraction.
Is Affirmation and Social Transition gay conversion therapy for lesbian and gay adolescents?
What evidence do we have regarding the affirmation and social transition approach towards children with gender dysphoria?
The 2013 research study by Steensma et al (referenced above) found that social transition is the most powerful predictor of persistence of childhood gender dysphoria. In other words, social transition of pre-pubertal children may prevent them from growing up to be gay: there is a risk that affirmation and social transition is a form of gay conversion therapy in itself.
The results of an important recent study from Singh, Bradley & Zucker on gender identity & sexual orientation of clinic-referred pre-pubertal boys are consistent with the results of all previous studies of persistence and desistance. Using the largest sample to date, with a follow-up mean age of 20.58 years, the study found only a 12.2% persistence rate. 87.8 % desisted and 63.6% grew up to be gay. This cohort of boys was treated under the ‘watchful waiting’ approach, including developmentally appropriate therapeutic or family work.
What of the new cohort of adolescents referred to the Tavistock (around 75% girls) who suddenly self-diagnose as transgender at or during puberty, having experienced no gender dysphoria as young children? Termed Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria (Littman 2018) this is a completely new presentation.
What percentage of these teenage referrals are lesbian or gay before ‘coming out’ as trans?
In the 2018 Lisa Littman study females made up 82% of cases. Parents reported that 41% had expressed a non-heterosexual sexual orientation before identifying as transgender.
A study of referrals of adolescents (12+) to the Tavistock in 2012 showed that, of the girls, 67.6% were lesbian and 21.1% were bisexual. Of the boys, 42.3% were gay and 38.5% were bisexual. (Holt et al 2014).
A 2017 study has shown that exposure to sustained homophobic bullying and name-calling can change a young person’s gender identity.
A 2019 study of adolescents and young adults referred to a UK gender service (16 – 25years) reports that many transgender people identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual and experience homophobic bullying before later identifying as transgender.
A 2021 study of detransitioners found that 52% of respondents cited “learning to cope with internalized homophobia” as a psychological need after detransitioning.
A 2020 study of detransitioners found: “Homophobia or difculty accepting themselves as lesbian, gay, or bisexual was expressed by 23.0% as a reason for transition and subsequent detransition.”
The evidence shows that the majority of adolescents and young people now identifying as transgender are lesbian, gay or bisexual, and that homophobic bullying is indicated as a possible reason. This is cause for serious concern that ‘affirmation’ is a way of ‘transing away the gay.’
Conclusion: These studies highlight how interconnected a developing homosexual sexual orientation can be with gender non-conforming behaviours and gender dysphoria in young people. How can we be certain whether this will lead to a stable and life-long transgender identity as an adult?
Why are so many adolescent girls being referred to gender specialists (2/3rds of all referrals to the Tavistock clinic in 2016 were natal girls)? How do we disentangle any internalised misogyny and/or homophobia in these girls as potential reasons why they do not want to be lesbian girls?
How will the increased popularity of childhood social transitions and the increased use of puberty blockers affect the final outcomes for these children? Will they help a transgender child with their dysphoria as is intended, or will they make it more difficult for a non-transgender child to naturally resolve their underlying gender issues?
How will the promotion of ‘gender affirmation only’ approaches by professionals and lobby groups help children and parents explore alternative pathways? How will social contagion and the increased availability of non-evidence based ideas on the internet impact on the choices made by and strength of feelings of children growing up today?
So little is known in this area yet decisions are being made for and by children that will commit them to a life-time of medicalisation, infertility and irreversible body modifications. The NHS currently recommends cross-sex hormone treatment can commence as young as 16 and surgery as young as 18. Puberty suppression can start at the onset of puberty and childhood social transitions can occur at any age. In theory a child’s natural puberty can be restarted at any time if they change their minds and they stop taking puberty blockers. However, once puberty blockers are started it is extremely rare for children to stop and virtually all go onto cross-sex hormones, which effectively locks in their alternative puberty. We don’t know how serious the side effects of puberty blockers may be, nor do we know the effects on cognitive development or the psychological effects of delaying puberty.
